Thousands have been killed. The Kashmir Valley has become a militarized zone, effectively occupied by Indian security forces. According to the United Nations, Indian soldiers have committed numerous human rights violations there , including firing on protesters and denying due process to people arrested.
Pakistan also tacitly supports the operations in Kashmir of non-Kashmiri extremist groups like Jaish-e-Muhammad. As a result, consecutive Indian governments have managed to write off unrest in the Kashmir Valley as a byproduct of its territorial dispute with Pakistan. An entire generation of young Kashmiris have been raised during the year insurgency. They are deeply alienated from India, research shows, and view it as an occupying power. Indeed, the man who under the auspices of Jaish-e-Muhmamad blew himself up in the Feb.
Kashmir is an ethnically diverse Himalayan region, covering around 86, sq miles sq km , and famed for the beauty of its lakes, meadows and snow-capped mountains. Even before India and Pakistan won their independence from Britain in August , the area was hotly contested.
Under the partition plan provided by the Indian Independence Act, Kashmir was free to accede to either India or Pakistan. The maharaja local ruler , Hari Singh, initially wanted Kashmir to become independent - but in October chose to join India, in return for its help against an invasion of tribesmen from Pakistan.
A war erupted and India approached the United Nations asking it to intervene. The United Nations recommended holding a plebiscite to settle the question of whether the state would join India or Pakistan. However the two countries could not agree to a deal to demilitarise the region before the referendum could be held. In July , India and Pakistan signed an agreement to establish a ceasefire line as recommended by the UN and the region became divided.
A second war followed in Then in , India fought a brief but bitter conflict with Pakistani-backed forces. By that time, India and Pakistan had both declared themselves to be nuclear powers. Today, Delhi and Islamabad both claim Kashmir in full, but control only parts of it - territories recognised internationally as "Indian-administered Kashmir" and "Pakistan-administered Kashmir". An armed revolt has been waged against Indian rule in the region for three decades, claiming tens of thousands of lives.
India blames Pakistan for stirring the unrest by backing separatist militants in Kashmir - a charge its neighbour denies. Now a sudden change to Kashmir's status on the Indian side has created further apprehension. Indian-administered Kashmir has held a special position within the country historically, thanks to Article - a clause in the constitution which gave it significant autonomy, including its own constitution, a separate flag, and independence over all matters except foreign affairs, defence and communications.
On 5 August, India revoked that seven-decade-long privileged status - as the governing party, the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP , had promised in its election manifesto. The Hindu nationalist BJP has long opposed Article and had repeatedly called for its abolishment. Telephone networks and the internet were cut off in the region in the days before the presidential order was announced. Public gatherings were banned, and tens of thousands of troops were sent in.
Tourists were told to leave Kashmir under warnings of a terror threat. Two former chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir - the Indian state which encompasses the disputed territory - were placed under house arrest.
They wanted to overthrow the maharajah and claim Kashmir for Pakistan, and were motivated by both jihad and the prospect of loot. The maharajah appealed for Indian support in repulsing the tribesmen and fled from Srinagar to his heartland of Jammu. He also signed the instrument of accession by which his state became part of India. The official Indian account says this document was signed the day before troops landed in Kashmir; much of the evidence suggests it was signed a few hours after the airlift started.
The first Indian troops flew into the Kashmir Valley shortly after dawn on October 27 The airfield at Srinagar, the Kashmiri capital, could only take small planes. At most, Indian troops a day could land there, transported in planes requisitioned from commercial airlines.
Indian troops succeeded in repulsing the invaders from the Kashmir Valley, but not from all of the princely state, and the conflict escalated into the first war between India and Pakistan. The United Nations helped to delineate a ceasefire line, in effect a partition of Kashmir, and sent military observers. On Feb. Since Aug. He was apparently referring to reported United Arab Emirates-brokered backdoor diplomacy between New Delhi and Islamabad which aims to provide a roadmap for long-term peace and a possible solution to the year-old Kashmir dispute.
Officially, both countries have denied the contacts. Citing New Delhi's August move, Khan said he does not see "any sincerity in the offer of the Indian leadership to resolve the Kashmir issue through talks. Khan said that mounting pressure from the international community after the August actions has "temporarily" compelled India to talk about a negotiated solution to issues.
On the contrary, India would have to recognize the whole of Jammu and Kashmir as a disputed territory and would have to revive the pre-Aug.
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