A portion of the 14th Amendment was changed by the 26th Amendment. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age , and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.
But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Constitution in Despite the amendment, by the late s discriminatory practices were used to prevent Black citizens from exercising their right to vote, especially in the South.
Despite the amendment's passage, by the late s discriminatory practices were used to prevent Black citizens from exercising their right to vote, especially in the South. In , following the American Civil War and the abolishment of slavery , the Republican-dominated U.
The act divided the South into five military districts and outlined how new governments based on universal manhood suffrage were to be established. With the adoption of the 15th Amendment in , a politically mobilized African American community joined with white allies in the Southern states to elect the Republican Party to power, which brought about radical changes across the South.
By late , all the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union, and most were controlled by the Republican Party thanks to the support of Black voters. Congress , when he was elected to the U. Although Black Republicans never obtained political office in proportion to their overwhelming electoral majority, Revels and a dozen other Black men served in Congress during Reconstruction, more than served in state legislatures and many more held local offices.
In the late s, the Southern Republican Party vanished with the end of Reconstruction, and Southern state governments effectively nullified both the 14th Amendment passed in , it guaranteed citizenship and all its privileges to African Americans and the 15th amendment, stripping Black citizens in the South of the right to vote.
In the ensuing decades, various discriminatory practices including poll taxes and literacy tests—along with Jim Crow laws, intimidation and outright violence—were used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. Johnson on August 6, , aimed to overcome all legal barriers at the state and local levels that denied African Americans their right to vote under the 15th Amendment.
The act banned the use of literacy tests, provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas where less than 50 percent of the non-white population had not registered to vote and authorized the U. In , the 24th Amendment made poll taxes illegal in federal elections; poll taxes in state elections were banned in by the U. Supreme Court. After the passage of the Voting Rights Act, state and local enforcement of the law was weak and it often was ignored outright, mainly in the South and in areas where the proportion of Black citizens in the population was high and their vote threatened the political status quo.
Still, the Voting Rights Act of gave African American voters the legal means to challenge voting restrictions and vastly improved voter turnout. Cheever felt that many Northern supporters of the amendment were pandering to former slave holders by encouraging the passage of a watered-down amendment in exchange for their rejoining the Union.
The Constitutional Amendment! Geary is for Negro Suffrage. Since the Fourteenth Amendment failed to address voting rights, the issue of black male suffrage remained a lightning rod in Northern political campaigns. Radical Republicans, a faction within the Republican Party, unrelentingly supported suffrage and other civil rights for African Americans on moral grounds. In this depiction, working-class Irish immigrants and African Americans comprise an unruly crowd which is supposedly unfit for citizenship.
Pennsylvania gubernatorial candidate John W. Geary championed extending the franchise to black men, who were overwhelmingly supporters of the Republican Party. Like many other moderate, white Republicans, Geary favored African American suffrage in order to insure that the party remained in power rather than out of concern for black rights. Peter S. Blake argued for African American equality in this broadside as well as in letters to the editor of The Christian Recorder.
He likely wrote in protest of Democratic attempts in Congress and state legislatures to prevent black male suffrage. A Civil War naval veteran who was born free in Wilmington, Delaware, Blake stressed the important role that African Americans had played in helping to forge the nation, particularly during times of war. Cox, the Union Candidate for Governor. This pamphlet documents the exchange between a self-appointed committee of Ohioans and gubernatorial candidate Jacob D.
Cox on his views of Reconstruction. While Cox had enough supporters to win election to one term of office, Ohio Radical Republicans insured that the governor elected in the elections was more sympathetic to the extension of civil rights to black Ohioans. Daniel Clark. Washington: H.
New Hampshire Congressman Daniel Clark was one of many in the Republican Party who believed that African American men had earned the right to vote through their patriotic military service during the Civil War. Basing the right to suffrage on military service excluded both black and white women. Inaugural Address of Governor Wm.
Des Moines: F. Palmer, William M. Stone devoted much of his second inaugural speech to Reconstruction and the expansion of civil rights for African Americans.
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